Glossary for Heart failure

• 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type 1: A recessively inherited metabolic disorder characterized by methylglutaconic acid in the urine.
• 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type V: A rare genetic disorder where the body's cells are unable to make sufficient energy resulting in an accumulation in the body of 3-methylglutaconic acid.
• Accelerated hypertension: Accelerated hypertension is a condition characterized by a rapid increase in blood pressure. The condition is a medical emergency which can cause organ damage if not treated promptly.
• Acute rheumatic fever: Bacterial joint infection with risk of heart complications.
• Adhesive abuse: Adhesive abuse is the use of various inhalants for the purpose of achieving a "high". They are often used as a cheap, readily available alternative to street drugs but they can cause serious damage to the body. Adhesives include household glues, rubber cement and model aeroplane glue. These adhesives can be abused by sniffing them, spraying directly into the mouth, heating them and then inhaling them or injecting them directly into the body.
• Adhesive addiction: Adhesive addiction refers to the compulsive need to abuse adhesives (e.g. sniffing them). Sufferers have withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop the habit and feel unable to stop the habit despite knowing the harm it is causing their health. Aerosols are very damaging to the body and can readily result permanent brain damage and even death. Death can occur through chronic use and in rare cases can occur after one session of use. Children and teenagers are particular at risk for this type of addiction - it is readily available and users feel it gains them greater acceptance from their peers. Adhesives includes household glue, rubber cement and model airplane glue.
• Aerosol abuse: Aerosol abuse is the use of various inhalants for the purpose of achieving a "high". They are often used as a cheap, readily available alternative to street drugs but they can cause serious damage to the body. Aerosols include air fresheners, hair spray, spray pain and deodorants. These aerosols can be abused by sniffing them, spraying directly into the mouth, heating them and then inhaling them or injecting them directly into the body.
• Aerosol addiction: Aerosol addiction refers to the compulsive need to abuse aerosol (e.g. sniffing them). Sufferers have withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop the habit and feel unable to stop the habit despite knowing the harm it is causing their health. Aerosols are very damaging to the body and can readily result permanent brain damage and even death. Death can occur through chronic use and in rare cases can occur after one session of use. Children and teenagers are particular at risk for this type of addiction - it is readily available and users feel it gains them greater acceptance from their peers. Aerosols includes spray pain, air freshener, deodorants and hair sprays.
• African Sleeping sickness: Fly-borne African parasitic disease.
• Amitriptyline toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Amoxapine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Amyloidosis, Inherited: Amyloidosis is a rare group of metabolic disorders where a protein called amyloid accumulates in body organs and tissues where it can cause damage. In the inherited form, the type of amyloid involved is usually a plasma protein called transthyretin. The main parts of the body affected are the nerves, heart and kidneys.
• Amyloidosis, inflammatory: Amyloidosis is a rare group of metabolic disorders where a protein called amyloid accumulates in body organs and tissues where it can cause damage and is potentially fatal. Symptoms depend on the organs involved. Secondary amyloidosis is caused by a chronic infection of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple myeloma, tuberculosis and osteomyelitis. The main organs affected in secondary amyloidosis are usually the kidneys, liver, spleen and lymph nodes. The peripheral and autonomic nerves and the heart are rarely affected.
• Anaphylaxis: A rare, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
• Anemia: Reduced ability of blood to carry oxygen from various possible causes.
• Anemia, Blackfan Diamond: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic condition where the bone marrow is unable to make sufficient red blood cells which leads low levels of red blood cells. There are eight subtypes of the condition which differ in the location of the genetic defect and the incidence of additional symptoms such as malformations. The severity of symptoms is variable but most cases are serious.
• Anemia, Hemolytic, Warm Antibody: A rare autoimmune condition where the body's defense system attacks and destroys red blood cells. The onset of the condition is triggered by temperatures 37ºC or higher. The severity of the disorder is variable.
• Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva: A rare form of aortic aneurysm that occurs in the sinus of Valsalva. An aneurysm is a thinning and bulging of a blood vessel wall. The condition is generally asymptomatic unless it burst and causes life-threatening complications including heart failure. An unruptured aneurysm may affect the blood flow (causing palpitations and syncope) as the bulge pushes against surrounding structures.
• Aortic arch interruption: A rare genetic birth defect where a portion of the aortic arch is missing or discontinued which severely impairs the flow of oxygenated blood to the lower body.
• Aortic coarctation: A rare inherited birth defect where the heart blood vessel called the aorta has a narrowed area which affects blood flow. The degree of constriction is variable which mild cases asymptomatic until adulthood. The poor blood flow to the lower body gives results in it appearing less developed than that upper body.
• Atenolol -- Teratogenic Agent: There is strong evidence to indicate that exposure to Atenolol during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is a syndrome affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part due to the accumulation of macrophage white blood cells and promoted by low density (especially small particle) lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides) without adequate removal of fats and cholesterol from the macrophages by functional high density lipoproteins (HDL). It is commonly referred to as a hardening or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries.
• Atransferrinemia: A rare inherited condition characterized by the absence of a compound called transferring which results in a buildup of iron in the body's tissues as well as anemia.
• Atrial Fibrillation: Common heart arrythmia with rapid beating in upper chambers
• Atrial Septal Defect: An abnormal connection between the 2 atria, or upper chambers of the heart
• Atrial Septal Defect 3: A rare heart malformation involving the presence of an abnormal opening between the two atrial chambers of the heart which allows abnormal mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The severity of the symptoms depends on the size and location of the defect with mild cases being asymptomatic until adulthood. Atrial septal defect 3 is caused by a mutation on chromosome 14q12. There are no other heart abnormalities associated with the condition.
• Atrial Septal Defect 4: A rare heart malformation involving the presence of an abnormal opening between the two atrial chambers of the heart which allows abnormal mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The severity of the symptoms depends on the size and location of the defect with mild cases being asymptomatic until adulthood. Atrial septal defect 4 is caused by a mutation on chromosome 7p15-p14. There are no other heart abnormalities associated with the condition.
• Atrial Septal Defect 5: A rare heart malformation involving the presence of an abnormal opening between the two atrial chambers of the heart which allows abnormal mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The severity of the symptoms depends on the size and location of the defect with mild cases being asymptomatic until adulthood. Atrial septal defect 5 is caused by a mutation on chromosome 15q14. There are no other heart abnormalities associated with the condition.
• Atrial Septal Defect 6: A rare heart malformation involving the presence of an abnormal opening between the two atrial chambers of the heart which allows abnormal mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The severity of the symptoms depends on the size and location of the defect with mild cases being asymptomatic until adulthood. Atrial septal defect 6 is caused by a mutation on chromosome 4q32-q33.
• Austrian syndrome: A condition where alcoholism is associated with heart failure and pneumococcal meningitis.
• Bacterial endocarditis: Infection and inflammation of the inner layers of the heart, most commonly the valves cause by bacteria.
• Beau's syndrome: A syndrome characterized by heart insufficiency and inability of the heart ventricles to completely empty of blood.
• Beriberi: Disease due to vitamin B1 deficiency (thiamine)
• Bernheim syndrome: Overgrowth of the left heart ventricle which results in the tissue separating the two ventricles pushing into the right ventricle. This results in obstruction of blood flow through the right heart ventricle and ultimately can lead to heart failure.
• Betaxolol -- Teratogenic Agent: There is strong evidence to indicate that exposure to Betaxolol during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Bisoprolol -- Teratogenic Agent: There is strong evidence to indicate that exposure to Bisoprolol during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Bloodroot poisoning: The Bloodroot is a flowering herb that bears fruit and whose stem contains red juices. The plant tends to grow in mountainous areas. The thickened roots (rhizomes) of the plant contain isoquinoline alkaloids which are very toxic and can cause death if eaten in sufficient quantities.
• Borrone-Di Rocco-Crovato syndrome: A rare progressive syndrome characterized by skin, heart and skeletal defects. Only several reported cases of the condition.
• Boutonneuse fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Brachymesomelia-renal syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized by kidney abnormalities and forearm and lower leg deformity. The condition describes a single reported case.
• Brown snake poisoning: The Brown snake is a poisonous Australian snake. They are considered one of the most venomous snakes in the world and their bite can result in death without prompt medical attention. The snake venom contains toxins which affect the blood and nerve systems. Children tend to suffer more severe symptoms due to their smaller body size.
• Bruch's disease: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder with binging (overeating) and purging (vomiting).
• COPD: Severe obstruction of bronchial air flow typically from bronchitis and/or emphysema.
• Cardiac arrest: Stoppage of the heart, usually caused by heart attack
• Cardiac diverticulum: A rare congenital heart malformation involving the outpouching (diverticulum) of a ventricle which can affect heart function to varying degrees depending on the size and location of the defect.
• Cardiac malformation: Any malformation or structural defect of the heart or it's structures. Some examples include atrioventricular septal defect, conotruncal malformations, transposition of great vessels and heart valve dysplasia. The symptoms vary in nature and severity depending on the type of malformation.
• Cardiac valvular dysplasia, X-linked: An inherited (X-linked) form of heart disease involving mitral or aortic valve regurgitation. Females are carriers and hence asymptomatic whereas males displayed symptoms.
• Cardiomyopathy: Any disease of the heart muscle
• Cardiomyopathy -- hearing loss, type t RNA lysine gene mutation: A rare inherited disorder characterized by heart muscle disease and deafness. The deafness is inherited from the mother and is caused by a genetic defect. Patients may be asymptomatic for a number of years. The rate of progression of the disorder is variable with some patients being asymptomatic until adulthood.
• Cardiomyopathy -- hearing loss, type tRNA-LYS gene mutation: A rare inherited condition characterized by the association of cardiomyopathy and deafness.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 10: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the heart's ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the heart's conduction system. Type 10 is caused by a defect in the ABC9 gene on chromosome 12p12.1.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1B: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1B is caused by a defect on chromosome 9q13.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1C: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1C is caused by a defect in the LDB3 gene on chromosome 10q21-q23.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1D: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1D is caused by a defect in the cardiac troponin gene on chromosome 1q32.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1G: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1G is caused by a defect in the titin gene on chromosome 2q24.3.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1H: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1H is caused by a defect on chromosome 2q14-q22.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1I: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1I is caused by a defect in the desmin gene on chromosome 2q35.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1J: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Hearing impairment also becomes apparent by the end of the second decade. Type 1J is caused by a defect in the LDB3 gene on chromosome 6q23.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1K: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1K is caused by a defect on chromosome 6q12-q16.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1L: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1L is caused by a defect in the delta-sarcoglycan gene on chromosome 5q33.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1M: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1M is caused by a defect in the CSRP3 gene on chromosome 11p15.1.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1N: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1N is caused by a defect in the telethonin gene on chromosome 17q12.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1P: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1P is caused by a defect in the phospholamban gene on chromosome 6q22.1.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1Q: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1Q is caused by a defect on chromosome 7q22.3-q31.1.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1R: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1R is caused by a defect in the ACTC gene on chromosome 15q14.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1S: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1S is caused by a defect in the heavy chain myosin 7 gene on chromosome 14q12.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1T: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1T is caused by a defect in the TMPO gene on chromosome 12q22.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1U: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1U is caused by a defect in the PSEN1 gene on chromosome 14q24.3.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1W: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1W is caused by a defect in the metavinculin gene on chromosome 10q22.1-q23.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1Y: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the heart's conduction system. Type 1Y is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 15q25.1.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1Z: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the heart's conduction system. Type 1Z is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 3p21.2-p14.3.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated with conduction defect: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated with conduction defect type 1: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1 is caused by a defect in the lamin A/C gene on chromosome 1q21.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated with conduction defect type 2: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 2 is caused by a defect in the cardiac sodium channel gene on chromosome 3p21.
• Cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic: A weakened heart mucle due to excessive alcohol consumption. Symptoms are usually not evident until the heart becomes severely damaged.
• Cardiomyopathy, familial dilated: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally.
• Cardiovascular Disease: Diseases of the heart or blood vessels including cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke.
• Carnitine transporter deficiency: An inherited deficiency of carnitine caused by the impaired ability of the carnitine transporter protein to carry the carnitine to where it is needed. Instead the carnitine is excreted through the urine. Fasting or illness can trigger a severe attack.
• Central sleep apnea: Central sleep apnea is when the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep because the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that control breathing.
• Chest conditions: Any condition affecting the chest
• Circulatory system conditions: Medical conditions affecting the heart and the circulatory system.
• Cirrhosis of the liver: Scarring of the liver from alcohol or other causes.
• Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy refers to heart problems associated with liver cirrhosis. Often the condition is asymptomatic but stresses on the body such as infection, surgery or organ transplant can exacerbate the condition.
• Clomipramine Toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Coal worker's pneumoconiosis: A lung disease caused by breathing in coal dust. The condition is generally associated with employees in the coal industry. Symptoms usually resolve when exposure to coal dust stops.
• Coarctation of aorta dominant: A rare inherited birth defect where the heart blood vessel called the aorta has a narrowed area which affects blood flow. The degree of constriction is variable which mild cases asymptomatic until adulthood. The poor blood flow to the lower body gives results in it appearing less developed than that upper body.
• Cobalt-induced myocardial injury: Exposure to cobalt has the potential to cause damage to the heart muscle. Severe damage can result in chronic heart problems or even death in severe cases. Cobalt exposure is most likely to occur in an occupational setting.
• Cold antibody hemolytic anemia: A rare autoimmune condition where the body's defense system attacks and destroys red blood cells. The onset of the condition is triggered by temperatures 30°C or lower.
• Colver-Steer-Godman syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by a rigid spine and heart muscle disease.
• Common ventricle: A congenital heart defect where the wall separating the two heart ventricles is completely missing.
• Complex 5 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency: A rare genetic defect where an enzyme deficiency (ATP synthetase) disrupts cellular processes. Any of a variety of the components of the enzyme may be missing or defective and hence the clinical presentation and severity may vary. The deficiency may result in a variety of symptoms and conditions of variable severity such as Leber's myopathy, Leigh syndrome, cardiomyopathy and NARP (neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa).
• Cone shell poisoning: A number of species of cone shells are capable of envenomating humans. The toxin is a neurotoxin and thus primarily affects the nervous system. Cone shells are found mainly in shallow waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans. The toxicity varies amongst species with some delivering a benign stink whereas others are capable of causing death. The cone snails a proboscis on the end of which is a poison-filled barb.
• Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 2E: Congenital disorders of glycosylation is a group of very rare inherited metabolic disorder where defective carbohydrate compounds are attached to glycoproteins and thus impairing glycoprotein function. Type 2e is caused by a defect on chromosome 16p and involves a defect in the gene for oligomeric complex-7.
• Congestive Heart Failure: Inadequate pumping and decline of heart function common in the elderly.
• Conor's disease: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Cor pulmonale: Enlarged heart due to respiratory difficulty.
• Coronaro-cardiac fistula: An abnormal opening between a heart artery and a heart chamber or great vessel. This rare defect is present at birth and often causes no problems or symptoms until adulthood. The severity of the condition is determined by the size and exact location of the defect.
• Coronary heart disease: Disease affecting the heart's arteries (narrowed arteries)
• Death conditions: Conditions that can result in death.
• Decreased serum phosphate: Decreased serum phosphate (or hypophosphatemia) refers to an electrolyte disturbance involving a lower than normal level of phosphate in the blood. This abnormality may in some cases be associated with increased levels of phosphate in the urine but this depends on the underlying cause. The nature and severity of symptoms can vary considerably depending on how low the serum phosphate level is.
• Depression: Various syndromes with excessive anxiety, phobias, or fear.
• Dercum syndrome: A rare condition characterized by the development of painful, localized fatty skin swellings.
• Dermato-cardio-skeletal syndrome Borrone type: A rare progressive syndrome characterized by skin, heart and skeletal abnormalities.
• Desipramine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Desmin related myopathy: A very rare neuromuscular disorder involving the buildup of a certain protein called desmin in various muscles. The severity and rate of progression of the disorder is variable.
• DiGeorge's syndrome: Rare form of primary immune deficiency
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic condition where the bone marrow is unable to make sufficient red blood cells which leads low levels of red blood cells. There are eight subtypes of the condition which differ in the location of the genetic defect and the incidence of additional symptoms such as malformations. The severity of symptoms is variable but most cases are serious.
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia 1: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic condition where the bone marrow is unable to make sufficient red blood cells which leads low levels of red blood cells. There are eight subtypes of the condition which differ in the location of the genetic defect and the incidence of additional symptoms such as malformations. Type 1 is caused by a defect on the RPS19 gene located on chromosome 18q13.2.
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia 2: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic condition where the bone marrow is unable to make sufficient red blood cells which leads low levels of red blood cells. There are eight subtypes of the condition which differ in the location of the genetic defect and the incidence of additional symptoms such as malformations. Type 2 is caused by a defect on chromosome 19q13.2.
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia 3: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic condition where the bone marrow is unable to make sufficient red blood cells which leads low levels of red blood cells. There are eight subtypes of the condition which differ in the location of the genetic defect and the incidence of additional symptoms such as malformations. Type 3 is caused by a defect on the RPS24 gene located on chromosome 10q22-q23.
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia 4: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic condition where the bone marrow is unable to make sufficient red blood cells which leads low levels of red blood cells. There are eight subtypes of the condition which differ in the location of the genetic defect and the incidence of additional symptoms such as malformations. Type 4 is caused by a defect on the RPS17 gene located on chromosome 15q.
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia 5: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic condition where the bone marrow is unable to make sufficient red blood cells which leads low levels of red blood cells. There are eight subtypes of the condition which differ in the location of the genetic defect and the incidence of additional symptoms such as malformations. Type 5 is caused by a defect on the RPL35A gene located on chromosome 3q29-qter.
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia 6: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic condition where the bone marrow is unable to make sufficient red blood cells which leads low levels of red blood cells. There are eight subtypes of the condition which differ in the location of the genetic defect and the incidence of additional symptoms such as malformations. Type 6 is caused by a defect on the RPL5 gene located on chromosome 1p22.1.
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia 7: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic condition where the bone marrow is unable to make sufficient red blood cells which leads low levels of red blood cells. There are eight subtypes of the condition which differ in the location of the genetic defect and the incidence of additional symptoms such as malformations. Type 7 is caused by a defect on the RPL11 gene located on chromosome 1p36.1-p35.
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia 8: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic condition where the bone marrow is unable to make sufficient red blood cells which leads low levels of red blood cells. There are eight subtypes of the condition which differ in the location of the genetic defect and the incidence of additional symptoms such as malformations. Type 8 is caused by a defect on the RPS7 gene on chromosome 2p25.
• Diaphragm. congenital absence: A rare condition where an infant is born with part or all of the diaphragm missing. The diaphragm facilitates the breathing process and separates the abdominal organs from the chest organs.
• Diffuse systemic sclerosi: A rare condition that characterized by skin tightness affecting the trunk and extremities as well as organ involvement. It involves an early period of internal inflammation which distinguishes it from other forms of scleroderma and the organ involvement can be severe and even life-threatening.
• Dilated cardiomyopathy: A rare chronic heart muscle condition where one or both heart ventricles are dilated or have impaired contractility.
• Diltiazem -- Teratogenic Agent: There is evidence to indicate that exposure to Diltiazem during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Diphtheria: Infectious bacterial respiratory disease
• Double outlet -- right ventricle I: A very rare birth defect where the aorta and the pulmonary artery both exit from the right ventricle and thus blood is unable to be pumped to the lungs. However, a hole connects the two ventricles and ultimately allows some blood flow to the lungs. In the type I the hole is located just below the aorta and there is no narrowing of the pulmonary valve.
• Double outlet -- right ventricle II: A very rare birth defect where the aorta and the pulmonary artery both exit from the right ventricle and thus blood is unable to be pumped to the lungs. However, a hole connects the two ventricles and ultimately allows some blood flow to the lungs. In the type II the hole is located in the infracristal area and there is no narrowing of the pulmonary valve.
• Doxepin toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An inherited degenerative disease of the muscles which progresses rapidly compared to other muscle wasting diseases.
• Duplication 13: A rare and very severe chromosome disorder leading to mental retardation and physical defects. It is so severe that many babies die soon after birth. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount and exact location of the genetic material that is duplicated.
• Eating disorders: Various mental disorders impairing normal eating or appetite.
• Ebstein's anomaly: A congenital heart defect where the tricuspid valve is deformed. The tricuspid valve in the heart normally has three flaps that control blood flow but in Ebstein's anomaly, one of the flaps remains open instead of closing and allows blood to leak through.
• Eijkman's syndrome: A group of nervous symptoms that is associated with vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. The deficiency leads to a condition called Beri-Beri. Severe cases result in progressive paralysis leading to convulsions and death as the nerves become increasingly inflamed and wasted.
• Eisenmenger Syndrome: Increased lung blood pressure that can result from conditions such as a hole in the wall between the two heart chambers.
• Emphysema: Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is defined as an abnormal, permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
• Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
• Endomyocardial fibroelastosis: A rare heart malformation involving an abnormal thickening of the part of the heart muscle called the endocardium which affects the heart's function. Death is common in infancy and during early childhood.
• Erdheim-Chester Disease: A condition which is defined as a non langerhans cell histiocytosis
• Erdheim-Chester syndrome: A very rare lipid storage disorder involving lipid deposits in various organs and hardening of the ends of long bones which affects the growth of the bone. The severity of the condition is variable.
• Erythrodermic eczema: Erythrodermic eczema is a severe condition that results from worsening eczema.
• Escharonodulaire: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Exfoliative dermatitis: Form of dermatitis where skin flakes or falls off.
• Familial emphysema: A rare genetic form of emphysema caused by a deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) which results in destruction of the elastin component of the lung structure. The disorder tends to run in families (familial).
• Familial interstitial fibrosis: A rare familial disorder involving fibrosis and scarring of the lung tissue which causes the lung to become stiff and unable to function normally.
• Fatigue: Excessive tiredness or weakness.
• Furosemide -- Teratogenic Agent: There is evidence to indicate that exposure to Furosemide during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Giant cell myocarditis: A rare cardiovascular disease involving inflammation of the heart muscle. The condition occurs for no apparent reason.
• Glutaric Acidemia Type II: A condition which is characterized by an inability of the body to use fats and proteins of the body for energy
• Glutaric Aciduria, neonatal form of type II A: A more serious neonatal form of glutaricaciduria where there is excessive blood and urine levels of glutaric acid and congenital anomalies may be present.
• Glutaric aciduria type II: A rare disorder of amino acid metabolism characterized by a defect in the enzyme ETF (electron transfer flavenoid) or ETF dehydrogenase. The condition causes variable symptoms.
• Grasbeck-Imerslund Disease: A rare inherited disorder characterized by vitamin B12 deficiency which results from the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12 from the foods eaten.
• Graves Disease: is an autoimmune disease characterized by hyperthyroidism due to circulating autoantibodies. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) bind to and activate thyrotropin receptors, causing the thyroid gland to grow and the thyroid follicles to increase synthesis of thyroid hormone.
• Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Hashimoto thyroiditis is characterized by the destruction of thyroid cells by various cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes. Patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis have antibodies to various thyroid antigens, the most frequently detected of which include antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), antithyroglobulin (anti-Tg), and, to a lesser extent, TSH receptor-blocking antibodies.
• Heart attack: Serious and often fatal acute heart condition
• Heart block: Failure of the heart's normal rhythm controls leading to arrhythmia
• Heart cancer: A malignancy that is located in the heart
• Heart conditions: Any condition that affects the heart
• Heart disease: Any of various heart conditions.
• Heart enlargement: Increased thickness of muscular walls of heart causing an abnormally large sized heart
• Heart symptoms: Symptoms affecting the heart
• Heller-Dohle disease: Inflammation of the aorta which occurs in the later stages of a syphilis infection.
• Hemolytic anemia: Hemolytic anemia is a term used to describe the premature desctruction of red blood cells. Red blood cells are normally broken down every 3-4 months and replaced but in haemolytic anemia the red blood cells are broken down at a faster rate than they can be replenished. The causes are numerous and the severity ranges considerably. Severe cases can lead to death.
• Hereditary carnitine deficiency: An inherited deficiency of carnitine resulting primarily in muscle problems. Severe symptoms can be triggered by periods of illness or fasting.
• High Blood Pressure/Hypertension:
• Hydrops fetalis syndrome due to Beta-thalassemia: Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the fetus which can be fatal. The condition is caused by a blood abnormality (absence of Beta-globulin genes - Beta-thalassemia).
• Hypertension: High blood pressure
• Hyperthyroidism: Too much thyroid hormone production.
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Heart damage from thickened heart walls.
• Idiopathic neonatal atrial flutter: A rare heart rhythm abnormality that occurs in neonates.
• Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension: A rare condition where sclerosis of the pulmonary arteries cause cyanosis, polycythemia and heart failure.
• Imipramine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Incessant infant ventricular tachycardia: An abnormally rapid infant heart beat that originates from the heart ventricles.
• India tick typhus: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Indian tick fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Infantile sialic acid storage disorder: A rare inherited biochemical disorder characterized by the accumulation of sialic acid in the tissues and excretion of sialic acid in the urine. The disorder results in death within the first few years of life - usually in infancy.
• Inhalant abuse: Inhalant abuse is the use of various inhalants for the purpose of achieving a "high". They are often used as a cheap, readily available alternative to street drugs but they can cause serious damage to the body. Inhalants include gasoline, adhesives, solvents, and aerosols. These inhalants can be abused by sniffing them, spraying directly into the mouth, heating them and then inhaling them or injecting them directly into the body.
• Inhalant addiction: Inhalant addiction refers to the compulsive need to abuse inhalants (e.g. inhaling them). Sufferers have withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop the habit and feel unable to stop the habit despite knowing the harm it is causing their health. Inhalants are very damaging to the body and can readily result permanent brain damage and even death. Death can occur through chronic use and in rare cases can occur after one session of use. Children and teenagers are particular at risk for this type of addiction - it is readily available and users feel it gains them greater acceptance from their peers. Inhalants includes glues, shoe polish, household cleaners, room deodorizers and nail polish removers.
• Intracranial arteriovenous malformation: A congenital malformation where there is an opening that connects an artery with a vein inside the brain. Severity of symptoms is determined by the extent of the malformation.
• Irregular heartbeat: An irregular beat of a persons heart
• Ischemic heart disease: Heart disease from reduced blood flow to the heart
• Israeli spotted fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Isthmus coarctation: A rare inherited birth defect where the heart blood vessel called the aorta has a narrowed area which affects blood flow. The degree of constriction is variable which mild cases asymptomatic until adulthood. The poor blood flow to the lower body gives results in it appearing less developed than that upper body.
• Kawasaki disease: A childhood illness that generally affects the skin, mouth and lymph nodes.
• Kenya fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Kenya tick typhus: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Kenya tick-bite fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Kidney arteriovenous fistula: An abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the kidneys.
• Langer-Nishino-Yamaguchi syndrome: A rare disorder characterized by deformed forearms and lower legs, cloudy corneas and enlarged kidneys. In the reported case, death occurred in the newborn period from kidney and heart failure.
• Left heart failure: Failure of the left side of the heart
• Left ventricle-aorta tunnel: An abnormal opening that connects the left ventricle and the ascending aorta
• Lyme disease: Lyme disease is an emerging infectious disease caused by at least three species of bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia.
• Malignant hypertension: Malignant hypertension is a condition characterized by very high blood pressure and swelling of the optic nerve. This type of hypertension is more common in people with kidney problems such as narrowed kidney blood vessels. The condition is a medical emergency which can cause organ damage if not treated promptly.
• Malignant hyperthermia: A very rare genetic disorder where sufferers suffer episodes of adverse reactions when certain anesthetics or muscle relaxants are administered.
• Marseilles fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Meadows syndrome: A rare condition that affects pregnant women during the last trimester or within two months after birth. It is characterized by breathing difficult, chest pain, congestive heart failure, heart rhythm abnormalities, high blood pressure, gastrointestinal symptoms and embolisms.
• Mediterranean Spotted Fever: A condition caused by Rickettsia rickettsia transmitted by the tick
• Megaloblastic Anemia 1: A rare genetic blood disorder where a defect in the vitamin B12 receptor means that it can't be absorbed from food during digestion. As a result of the low vitamin B12 levels, the body produces increased numbers of abnormal enlarged red blood cells (megaloblasts).
• Megaloblastic anemia: A rare blood disorder where insufficient vitamin B12 absorption results in reduced production of red blood cells and increased levels of abnormal, enlarged red blood cells (megaloblasts). Vitamin B12 insufficiency can result from absorption problems or lack of dietary intake of the vitamin or folic acid.
• Mesothelioma: Type of lung cancer associated with asbestos.
• Metoprolol -- Teratogenic Agent: There is evidence to indicate that exposure to Metoprolol during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Mitochondrial diseases: Any of a group of mitochondrial disorders affecting cell metabolism and especially muscles.
• Mitral regurgitation: A condition which is characterized by a regurgitation of blood from the left ventricle into the atrium due to a problem with the mitral valve
• Mitral-valve prolapse: A common heart condition that is often harmless.
• Mucopolysaccharidosis type I Hurler syndrome: A rare inherited biochemical disorder characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) in various body tissues due to insufficient amounts of the enzyme (?-L-diuronidase) needed to break it down. There are three main sub-types of the disorder: Hurler - severe form, Scheie - mild form and Hurler/Scheie form which is intermediate.
• Mulibrey Nanism syndrome: A very rare inherited malformation characterized by very small stature (dwarfism), pericardial constriction and yellow dots in fundus of the eye.
• Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium (muscle walls of the heart)
• Myopathy, X-linked with postural muscle atrophy: An inherited, adult-onset muscle disease where the postural muscles become progressively weak and wasted while other muscles become enlarged. During early adulthood, patients tend to have an athletic build and muscle symptoms tend to start during the fourth decade of life. Death usually occurred between the ages of 40 and 75 years of age due to involvement of the heart.
• Myxedema: Skin and tissue disorder usually due to hypothyroidism
• Nakajo syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by skin problems, various head anomalies and loss of fat in parts of the body.
• Natal teeth, intestinal pseudoobstruction and patent ductus: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by poor immunity, intestinal and heart problems and the premature eruption of primary teeth.
• Nephrotic syndrome: Various kidney glomeruli conditions
• Nifedipine -- Teratogenic Agent: There is evidence to indicate that exposure to Nifedipine during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Nortriptyline toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Osteogenesis imperfecta, type 3: A rare genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by progressive limb deformity and normal sclerae.
• Parkes-Weber syndrome I: A rare disorder involving blood vessel malformations and overgrowth of a particular limb. Usually a leg is involved and the dilated blood vessels allows blood to flow quickly through the limb which can ultimately cause heart failure.
• Partial atrioventricular canal: A type of congenital heart defect involving and abnormal opening between the heart chambers and defective valves that control blood flow in the heart. The partial form of the condition involves only the two upper heart chambers. Symptoms are determined by the severity of the defect. Often symptoms do not become apparent until later in life.
• Patent ductus arteriosus: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect wherein a child's ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth.
• Pericardial effusion: Occurs when there is an abnormal collection of fluid within the pericardial sac
• Pericarditis: Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart
• Phenylbutazone -- Teratogenic Agent: There is evidence to indicate that exposure to Phenylbutazone during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Pindolol -- Teratogenic Agent: There is evidence to indicate that exposure to Pindolol during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Pneumonia: Infection of the lung by bacteria, viruses or fungus.
• Possible human carcinogenic exposure -- Zidovudine: Some evidence indicates that exposure to Zidovudine (an anti-HIV drug) has a possible link to an increased risk of developing cancer in humans. The carcinogenicity of the substance may be influenced by the duration and level of exposure.
• Post-infectious myocarditis: Heart muscle inflammation that occurs after an infection such as measles, influenza virus, enteroviruses and adenoviruses.
• Postoperative septicemia: Septicemia (blood poisoning) after surgery from an infection.
• Prednisolone -- Teratogenic Agent: There is evidence to indicate that exposure to Prednisolone during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Protriptyline toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Psoriasis: Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin condition where the defective immune system causes skin cells to grow rapidly. It affects a significant number of people. Arthritis, which can be severe, is associated with the psoriasis in up to a third of cases. Not all patients who are susceptible to the condition will develop it - roughly 10% of those susceptible will actually develop the condition. There are various environmental factors which can trigger the onset of the disease e.g. strep throat (common trigger), some medication, stress and cold weather. Once the disease develops, it may resolve on its own or with treatment or may become a persistent chronic condition. The severity and duration of symptoms is variable.
• Pulmonary congestion: A condition which is characterized by engorgement of the pulmonary vessels and transudation of fluid into the alveoli
• Pulmonary embolism: Blocked lung blood vessel often from a blood clot.
• Pulmonary hypertension: Pulmonary hypertension refers to high blood pressure in the blood vessels that carry blood to the lungs. Blood pressure in other parts of the body is normal or sometimes even low. The condition may be caused by such things as lung conditions (e.g. emphysema, chronic bronchitis), heart conditions (e.g. congestive heart failure, birth defects involving heart), AIDS or medications such as fenfluramine (a diet drug). Sometimes it occurs for no apparent reason and is called primary pulmonary hypertension.
• Pulmonary incompetence: A condition characterised by incompetence of the pulmonary valve of the heart
• Pulmonary valve stenosis: Often a congenital defect but may be caused by such things as rheumatic fever or bacterial endocarditis. Severity depends on the degree of narrowing of the pulmonary valve.
• Pulmonary valves agenesis: The total or partial absence of the pulmonary valve at birth. It is often associated with other malformations. Severity is variable.
• Pure red cell aplasia, congenital: A rare genetic condition where the bone marrow is unable to make sufficient red blood cells which leads low levels of red blood cells. There are eight subtypes of the condition which differ in the location of the genetic defect and the incidence of additional symptoms such as malformations. The severity of symptoms is variable but most cases are serious.
• Rabies: An infectious disease that can affect any mammal including humans and is transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal. The infectious agent is the Neurotropic lyssavirus which affects the salivary gland and also causes neurological symptoms.
• Reye's Syndrome: A syndrome in children recovering from infection and associated with aspirin.
• Rh Disease: A disease that can occur when the mother's blood is not compatible with the fetal blood i.e. when an Rh-negative mother had a Rh-positive child. If the baby's blood is exposed to the mother's blood (through placenta, abortion, miscarriage, amniocentesis) the mother's body becomes sensitized and develops antibodies the Rh-positive blood. In future pregnancies, the mother's antibodies can attack the red blood cells of the unborn baby resulting in hemolytic disease. The severity of the disease is variable and can range from mild fetal anemia to severe anemia and even fetal death.
• Rheumatic fever: An inflammatory disorder that can occur as a complication of untreated streptococcal bacterial infection such as strep throat or scarlet fever. The condition may affect the brain, skin, heart and joints.
• Rheumatic heart disease: Chronic heart condition due to heart damage from rheumatic fever
• Right heart failure: Heart failure of the right side of the heart
• Scleroderma: A rare, progressive connective tissue disorder involving thickening and hardening of the skin and connective tissue. There are a number of forms of scleroderma with some forms being systemic (involving internal organs).
• Selective Vitamin B12 malabsorption with Proteinuria: A rare genetic blood disorder where a defect in the vitamin B12 receptor means that it can't be absorbed from food during digestion. As a result of the low vitamin B12 levels, the body produces increased numbers of abnormal enlarged red blood cells (megaloblasts).
• Septicemia: A systemic inflammatory response to an infection.
• Severe dilated cardiomyopathy with or without myopathy: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the heart's conduction system due to a defect in the lamin A/C gene on chromosome 1q21. The heart disease may sometimes be associated with muscle disease which affects the quadricep muscles.
• Shortness of breath: The feeling of being short of breath
• Shortness of breath from exercise: Feeling short of breath from exercise or exertion
• Siderosis: Abnormal deposits of iron in body tissues. Symptoms will depend on which tissues the iron is deposited in.
• Singleton-Merten Syndrome: A very rare disorder involving calcium abnormalities which affect the teeth, bones and blood vessels.
• Sinus tachycardia: A condition which is characterized by a fast heart rate
• Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Syndromes involving the cessation of breathing during sleep. Examples include obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. The condition may range from mild to severe.
• Solvent abuse: Solvent abuse is the use of various inhalants for the purpose of achieving a "high". They are often used as a cheap, readily available alternative to street drugs but they can cause serious damage to the body. Solvents include nail polish removers, paint thinners, gasoline, typing correction fluid and toxic markers. These solvents can be abused by sniffing them, spraying directly into the mouth, heating them and then inhaling them or injecting them directly into the body.
• Solvent addiction: Solvent addiction refers to the compulsive need to abuse solvents (e.g. sniffing them). Sufferers have withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop the habit and feel unable to stop the habit despite knowing the harm it is causing their health. Solvents are very damaging to the body and can readily result permanent brain damage and even death. Death can occur through chronic use and in rare cases can occur after one session of use. Children and teenagers are particular at risk for this type of addiction - it is readily available and users feel it gains them greater acceptance from their peers. Solvents includes paint thinner, toxic markers, gasoline, cigarette lighter fluid, typing correction fluid and nail polish removers.
• Sudden death: The sudden death of an individual
• Systemic monochloroacetate poisoning: Monochloracetate acid is a dangerous chemical which can cause systemic poisoning even if only skin exposure occurs. Exposure to the chemical can be life-threatening with serious symptoms starting within hours of the exposure.
• Tachycardia: Excessively rapid heart beat.
• Temtamy syndrome: A rare disorder characterized by a brain abnormality, unusual facial appearance and eye coloboma.
• Timolol -- Teratogenic Agent: There is evidence to indicate that exposure to Timolol during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Tiredness: Feeling tired either physically or mentally
• Tricuspid valve disease: A condition which affects the tricuspid valve of the heart
• Trimipramine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Triose phosphate-isomerase deficiency: A very rare inherited condition involving a deficiency of triose phosphate-isomerase.
• Triosephosphate isomerase 1: A rare inherited blood disorder involving a deficiency of red cell triosephosphate isomerase which is involved in the glycolysis (glucose metabolism) process to produce energy. The disorder is characterized by anemia, recurring infection and often progressive neurological degeneration. The severity of the disorder is variable with some patients having central nervous system involvement while others don't.
• Trisomy 12 mosaicism: A very rare chromosomal disorder where there is an extra copy of chromosome 12 in some of the body's cells. Some cases with this chromosomal abnormality have no clinical symptoms. The presence of abnormalities in some cases is dependent on which body cells contain the chromosomal defect.
• Twisted atrioventricular connections: A rare congenital heart defect where the heart appears to be twisted along its longitudinal axis so that the left atrium and the right ventricle are closer to each other than normal as is the right atrium and the left ventricle. Despite this anomaly, most hearts are still able to function normally depending on the severity of the anomaly. However, most cases have other associated heart defects which can affect heart function.
• Vasotec -- Teratogenic Agent: There is evidence to indicate that exposure to Vasotec (an ACE inhibitor) during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Ventricular septal defect: An abnormal connection between the 2 lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart.
• Weakness: Symptoms causing weakness of the body
• Whipple's Disease: Rare malabsorption disease from bacterial digestive infection

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