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Diagnostic Tests for Diabetes-like symptoms

Diagnostic Test list for Diabetes-like symptoms:

The list of diagnostic tests mentioned in various sources as used in the diagnosis of Diabetes-like symptoms includes:

  • Physical examination
    • Examine for signs of complications of Diabetes mellitus including cataracts, diabetes retinopathy, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, candida skin and genital infections, peripheral neuropathy
    • Examine for signs of secondary causes of hyperglycaemia (elevated blood sugar) - e.g. Cushing's syndrome, hemochromatosis, Conn's syndrome, cystic fibrosis, acromegaly.
  • Blood tests
    • Fasting blood sugar level - Diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus requires fasting blood sugar level to be greater or equal to 7.0 mmol/L.
    • Random blood sugar level - Diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus requires random blood sugar level to be greater or equal to 11.1 mmol/L and the person must also have symptoms of elevated blood sugar including frequent urination, excessive thirst and unexplained weight loss.
    • 2 hour post 75g Oral glucose tolerance test - for diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus in borderline cases or for diagnosis of gestational diabetes with a blood glucose level of greater or equal to 11.1 mmol/L.
    • All pregnant women should be advised to have a screening oral glucose tolerance test at around 26-30 weeks gestation
    • Diagnosis of Impaired glucose tolerance requires fasting blood glucose of less than 7.0 mmol/L AND 2 hour post 75g Oral glucose tolerance test with a blood glucose level of greater than or equal to 7.8 mmol/L and less than 11.1 mmol/l
    • HbA1C - measures the average blood glucose level over the past 3 months.
    • Electrolytes - looking for signs of dehydration due to any of the causes of diabetes-like symptoms; look for reduced potassium seen in Conn's syndrome.
    • Renal function test - to detect any damage to kidneys.
    • Fasting blood lipids, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides
    • Plasma ADH assay and plasma osmolality - if suspect Diabetes insipidus.
    • Iron studies and liver function tests - if suspect hemochromatosis as a secondary cause of elevated blood sugar ( look for elevated ferritin and a transferring saturation of greater than 60%).
    • If suspect Acromegaly as a secondary cause of elevated blood sugar, test for increased fasting growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1
    • If suspect Conn's syndrome as a secondary cause of elevated blood sugar, test for an inappropriately elevated aldosterone and a reduced plasma renin activity. A plasma aldosterone (PA) : plasma renin activity (PRA) ratio over greater than 20 suggests Conn's syndrome
    • If suspect Cushing's syndrome as secondary cause of elevated blood sugar, test for a suppressed Dexamethasone suppression test
  • Urine tests
    • 24 hour Urine microalbumin - to check for any damage to the kidneys due to diabetes.
    • Water deprivation test - if suspect diabetes insipidus.
    • If suspect Conn's syndrome, test for increased 24 hour urinary aldosterone
    • If suspect Cushing's syndrome, test for increased 24 hour free cortisol
    • If suspect phaeochromocytoma, test fro increased 24 hour urinary free catecholamines and increased urine metadrenalines and normetadrenaline
  • Radiological investigations
    • Upper abdominal ultrasound and CT scan - if suspect chronic pancreatitis.
    • CT brain - if suspect Acromegaly or Cushing's disease, looking for pituitary tumor.
  • Liver biopsy - if suspect hemochromatosis.

Home Diagnostic Testing

These home medical tests may be relevant to Diabetes-like symptoms causes:

Tests and diagnosis discussion for Diabetes-like symptoms:

The fasting plasma glucose test is the preferred test for diagnosing type 1 or type 2 diabetes. However, a diagnosis of diabetes is made for any one of three positive tests, with a second positive test on a different day:

  • A random plasma glucose value (taken any time of day) of 200 mg/dL or more, along with the presence of diabetes symptoms.

  • A plasma glucose value of 126 mg/dL or more, after a person has fasted for 8 hours.

  • An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) plasma glucose value of 200 mg/dL or more in the blood sample, taken 2 hours after a person has consumed a drink containing 75 grams of glucose dissolved in water. This test, taken in a laboratory or the doctor's office, measures plasma glucose at timed intervals over a 3-hour period.

Gestational diabetes is diagnosed based on plasma glucose values measured during the OGTT. Glucose levels are normally lower during pregnancy, so the threshold values for diagnosis of diabetes in pregnancy are lower. If a woman has two plasma glucose values meeting or exceeding any of the following numbers, she has gestational diabetes: a fasting plasma glucose level of 95 mg/dL, a 1-hour level of 180 mg/dL, a 2-hour level of 155 mg/dL, or a 3-hour level of 140 mg/dL. (Source: excerpt from Diabetes Overview: NIDDK)

If you are 45 years old or older, you need to get tested for diabetes, even if you do not have any of the risk factors listed below. If you are younger than 45 and have one or more risk factors, you should also get tested. Ask your doctor for a fasting blood glucose test. The results of this blood test will tell your doctor how much glucose is in your blood. Your doctor may ask you to have the test twice.

Even if your blood glucose level is normal and you have no risk factors, if you are over 45, you may need to remind your doctor to check your blood glucose again in 3 years. If you have at least one of the risk factors below, have your blood checked more frequently. (Source: excerpt from Am I at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: NIDDK)

A Lower Number To Diagnose Diabetes The expert committee also recommended a lower fasting plasma glucose (FPG) value to diagnose diabetes. The new FPG value is 126 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or greater, rather than 140 mg/dL or greater. This recommendation was based on a review of the results of more than 15 years of research. This research showed that a fasting blood glucose of 126 mg/dL or greater is associated with an increased risk of diabetes complications affecting the eyes, nerves, and kidneys. When diagnosis was based on a blood glucose value of 140 mg/dL or greater, these complications often developed before the diagnosis of diabetes. The experts believe that earlier diagnosis and treatment can prevent or delay the costly and burdensome complications of diabetes.

The prior criteria for diagnosing diabetes relied heavily on performing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). In this test, the person must come in fasting, drink a glucose syrup, and have a blood sample taken 2 hours later. This complicated procedure made detection and diagnosis of diabetes a difficult and cumbersome process, and the expert committee recommended that it be eliminated from clinical use. The change to using fasting plasma glucose for determining the presence of diabetes will make detection and diagnosis of diabetes more routine. The fasting value can be easily obtained during routine physician visits, in clinics at the place of employment, and other situations. Currently, about 5 to 6 million adults in the United States have diabetes but do not know it. The simpler testing method of measuring fasting glucose should help identify these people so they can benefit from treatment sooner. (Source: excerpt from Diabetes Diagnosis: NIDDK)

The committee states that diabetes can be detected by any of three positive tests. To confirm the diagnosis, there must be a second positive test on a different day.

  • A casual plasma glucose level (taken at any time of day) of 200 mg/dL or greater when the symptoms of diabetes are present.

  • A fasting plasma glucose value of 126 mg/dL or greater.

  • An OGTT value in the blood of 200 mg/dL or greater measured at the 2-hour interval.

As mentioned above, the committee recommended that the OGTT not be used. (Source: excerpt from Diabetes Diagnosis: NIDDK)

The new diagnostic criteria for diabetes include the following changes:

  • The routine diagnostic test for diabetes is now a fasting plasma glucose test rather than the previously recommended oral glucose tolerance test. (However, in certain clinical circumstances, physicians may still choose to perform the oral glucose tolerance test.)

  • A confirmed** fasting plasma glucose value of greater than or equal to 126 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dL) indicates a diagnosis of diabetes. Previously, a value of greater than or equal to 140 mg/dL had been required for diagnosis.

  • In the presence of symptoms of diabetes, a confirmed** nonfasting plasma glucose value of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL indicates a diagnosis of diabetes.

  • When a doctor chooses to perform an oral glucose tolerance test (by administering 75 grams of anhydrous glucose dissolved in water, in accordance with World Health Organization standards, and then measuring the plasma glucose concentration 2 hours later), a confirmed** glucose value of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL indicates a diagnosis of diabetes.

In pregnant women, different requirements are used to identify the presence of gestational diabetes.

*For further information about the new diagnostic criteria for diabetes, please see the "Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus," in the References.

**Except in certain specified circumstances, abnormal tests must be confirmed by repeat testing on another day. (Source: excerpt from Diabetes Statistics in the United States: NIDDK)

One other number to know is the result of a blood test your doctor does called hemoglobin A-1-c (HE-muh-glow-bin A-1-C) or glycated hemoglobin (GLY-kay-ted HE-muh-glow-bin). It shows your blood glucose control during the past 2 to 3 months. For most people, a good hemoglobin A-1-c is 7 percent. (Source: excerpt from Medicines for People With Diabetes: NIDDK)

Each year make sure your doctor tests a sample of your urine to see if your kidneys are leaking albumin. If your kidneys are not leaking a lot of albumin, ask your doctor to check your urine for even smaller amounts of albumin. This is called microalbumin (MY-kro-al-BYOO-min). (Source: excerpt from Keep your kidneys healthy: NIDDK)

Your doctor might test your blood to measure the amounts of creatinine (kree-AT-ih-nin) and urea (yoo-REE-uh). These are waste products your body makes. If your kidneys are not cleaning them out of your blood, they can build up and make you sick.

Your doctor might also ask you to collect your urine in a large container for a whole day or just overnight. (Source: excerpt from Keep your kidneys healthy: NIDDK)

A diagnosis of diabetes can be confirmed by a series of tests that might include:

  • A blood test that measures the glucose in your blood. A blood glucose level of 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or greater, with symptoms, means that you have diabetes.

  • A blood test for glucose after you have fasted, called fasting plasma glucose (FPG) value. An FPG value of 126 mg/dL or greater means that you have diabetes.

  • A measurement of glucose in your blood through an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Although this test is no longer recommended because it is cumbersome, some health care providers may still use it. After fasting, you have to drink a glucose syrup and have a blood sample taken 2 hours later. An OGTT value of 200 mg/dL or greater means that you have diabetes.

(Source: excerpt from Diabetes: NWHIC)

Conditions listing medical symptoms: Diabetes-like symptoms:

The following list of conditions have 'Diabetes-like symptoms' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom.

Select from the following alphabetical view of conditions which include a symptom of Diabetes-like symptoms or choose View All.

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Conditions listing medical complications: Diabetes-like symptoms:

The following list of medical conditions have 'Diabetes-like symptoms' or similar listed as a medical complication in our database.

 

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